There are few STEM education activities more sacred than the science fair.  However, as with many such institutions, there is precious little empirical research to support the conventional wisdom that science fairs are valuable, worthwhile experiences for students.  The National Science Foundation has funded the Education Development Center to conduct a national study of middle school science fairs.  Results from this work will be important to inform decision-making about STEM programming in school settings, as well as in non-formal and informal science learning environments.